plateau des andes

In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9/86: 42–54. The tectonic processes that created the Andes have continued to the present day. It mostly uses seaports in eastern Argentina and Uruguay for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978. 2c. Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguay, in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay. The development continued through the Jurassic Period. They separate a narrow western coastal area from the rest of the continent, affecting deeply the conditions of life within the ranges themselves and in surrounding areas. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. However, through the use of more advanced techniques, researchers in the early 21st century were able to determine that the uplift started much earlier, about 25 million years ago. Kuhle, M. (1988): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. The 2000 km by 300 km Altiplano–Puna Plateau of the central Andean orogen is the second largest continental plateau on Earth (Fig. There is a long history of mining in the Andes, from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru. The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter deposits which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic nitrates. the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers, do not even reach 10 km (6.2 mi) in length and have an only insignificant ice thickness. The Sierras de Córdoba, where the effects of the ancient Pampean orogeny can be observed, owe their modern uplift and relief to the Andean orogeny in the Tertiary. It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. Le Chaco désigne une plaine couverte de bois, au climat subtropical et au sol argileux qui s’étend sur les provinces de Formosa et du Chaco ainsi que sur une partie des provinces de Salta, Santiago del Estero et Santa Fe. The weight of these deposits forced a subsidence (downwarping) of the crust, and the resulting pressure and heat metamorphosed the deposits into more resistant rocks; thus, sandstone, siltstone, and limestone were transformed, respectively, into quartzite, shale, and marble. The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop. Plateau des landes 05 Les étangs Blendecques.jpg 4,288 × 2,848; 5.97 MB Périmètre RNR Plateau des landes rnr210.png 1,874 × 883; 1.05 MB Salamandre Heuringhem Mars 1991.jpg 827 × 518; 455 KB In: Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 (4): 1–17 (in Chinese language). A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century. Development of an incipient Paleogene topography between the present-day Andean plateau (Puna) and the Eastern Cordillera, southern Central Andes, NW Argentina Article Sep 2020 The directional trend of both the cordilleras generally is north-south, but in several places the Cordillera Oriental bulges eastward to form either isolated peninsula-like ranges or such high intermontane plateau regions as the Altiplano (Spanish: “High Plateau”), occupying adjoining parts of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. The crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk) chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions. [28], The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano, while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool. Recherche - Définition. For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. 1 : 7500000 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe. 1; Allmendinger et al., 1997; Isacks, 1988; Strecker et al., 2007). To the west, the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean, although the Peru-Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit. Peru also contains the 4th largest goldmine in the world: the Yanacocha. (Eds. It perhaps is more reasonable to ascribe it to the anta of the older Aymara language, which connotes copper colour generally. In the rainy season (summer), part of the rangeland is used for cropping (mainly potatoes, barley, broad beans and wheat). The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word cordel, meaning "rope",[2] and is used as a descriptive name for several contiguous sections of the Andes, as well as the entire Andean range, and the combined mountain chain along the western part of the North and South American continents. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 188 (2001) 299^311 301 prime mechanism that leads to plateau formation des and angle of the subducted Nazca Plate as in the central Andes in Neogene time [26,27]. below the Altiplano. The cities of Caracas, Valencia, and Maracay are in the Venezuelan Coastal Range, which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extremity of South America. Rainforests exist just kilometres away from the snow-covered peak Cotopaxi. Brüggen, J. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus—some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogotá, Cali, Arequipa, Medellín, Bucaramanga, Sucre, Mérida and La Paz. (1929): Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm, with an average temperature of 18 Â°C (64 Â°F) in Colombia. (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam). Andes Mountains, also called the Andes, Spanish Cordillera de los Andes or Los Andes, mountain system of South America and one of the great natural features of the Earth. The central Andes are characterized by high reliefs (Eastern and Western Cordilleras) and an high plateau, the Altiplano, with an average altitude of 3900 m above sea level and a thick crust : 55-70 km. et des sommets. Professor Emeritus of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage. For other uses, see, The Andes mountain range, as seen from an airplane, between Santiago de Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, in summer. ): Alluvial fans: A field approach. The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management. Rainforests and tropical dry forests[27] used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished, especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Locally, the relatives of the camel, the llama, and the alpaca continue to carry out important uses as pack animals, but this use has generally diminished in modern times. [16], Though precipitation increases with the height, there are semiarid conditions in the nearly 7,000-metre (22,966 ft) highest mountains of the Andes. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Distinct eastern and western ranges—respectively named the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Occidental—are characteristic of most of the system. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate. The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S.[5][6] At this point, the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, pp. The highest of them is Mount Aconcagua (22,831 feet [6,959 metres]) on the border of Argentina and Chile (see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Aconcagua). The Andes range has many active volcanoes distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. Located on a high-altitude plateau at the edge of the Andes Mountains, the province is responsible for roughly 70 percent of the country's annual wine production. Along with several Interandean Valles, they are typically dominated by deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric vegetation, reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert. Horton BK, Hampton BA, Waanders GL (2001) Paleogene synorogenic sedimentation in the Altiplano plateau and implications for initial mountain building in the central Andes. It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and … The Andes are the result of tectonic plate processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. The world's highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft). The system—part of the larger circum-Pacific volcanic chain that often is called the Ring of Fire—remains volcanically active and is subject to devastating earthquakes. Kuhle, M. (1986): Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten. Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars, the Incas were defeated in 1532 by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated (e.g. Many of the rocks comprising the present-day cordilleras are of great age. The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti, which means "east"[1] as in Antisuyu (Quechua for "east region"),[1] one of the four regions of the Inca Empire. The Central and Northern Andes and the Amazon River basin and drainage network. Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by hydrothermal fluids (mostly water) during the cooling of plutons or volcanic systems. Syrah Chile $27.95 (16795) 89; Score: 89 pts Reviews: 3. c'est ce que nous voyons aujourd'hui depuis le mont Whistler - un vestige du plateau original qui a précédé les montagnes. Geol. Critic Reviews (3) John Szabo, MS. The history of the Puna Plateau and its marginal basins and ranges in the Eastern Cordillera and the northern Sierras Pampeanas structural provinces in northwestern Argentina impressively documents the effects of tectonics and topography on atmospheric circulation patterns, the successive evolution of orographic barriers, as well as their influence on erosion and sedimentation processes.

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